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Background: Menstrual disorders are a common clinical problem due to multiple causes. Hyperprolactinemia, is disorders of hypothalamic-pituitary axis in young women, is usually associated with amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, anovulation, and ovulatory cycles with short or inadequate luteal phase, and galactorrhoea. Menstrual disorder affects physical and mental health of every woman. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to know hyperprolactinemia among the patients of menstrual disorders in a tertiary care hospital. Materials and Methods: Women with menstrual irregularities attending Gynae outpatient department and admitted initially checked clinically and their serum prolactin level were measured. Women in reproductive age group (15–45 years) with complain of abnormal uterine bleeding were included in the study. Menopausal women, women with organic diseases in uterus and cervix, and pregnant women were excluded from the study. Results: Prolactin level is statistically significant with age (P = 0.011). The patients from age group of 20 to 35 years had high proportion (14.4%) of hyperprolactinemia followed by age group <20 years. (12.9%) and >35 years (12.9%). The women presenting with menstrual disorders enlisted in the study were evaluated on the basis of their sociodemographic parameters. About (15.5%) were below 20 years. About (27%) were above 35 years and majority of the women (57.5%) enrolled in the study were from age group of 2035 years of age. Serum prolactin level was observed in 15.4% in patients with frequent menses, 9.1% in patients with metrorrhagia and 7.7% in patients with heavy menstrual bleeding. That result was statistically significant with P = 0.039. Conclusion: Serum prolactin level should be evaluated in every patient of menstrual disorders.
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This article reports a case of Prader-Willi syndrome(PWS) diagnosed in adulthood. PWS is a rare genetic disease with most of the reported cases being diagnosed in infancy and childhood, and adulthood case is rarely reported. The patient had insidious symptoms in infancy and was diagnosed as PWS using genetic test in adulthood due to diabetes and menstrual disorders. This article focuses on the patient′s clinical manifestations in adulthood, and reviews relevant literature to improve the understanding of the disease.
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Adolescent depression is a common psychological problem and also a high-risk factor for suicide and self-injury. Its symptoms are atypical, hidden, easy to relapse, and with high-incidence in females, so caused the close attention of society. Frequency of dysmenorrhea and menstrual disorders would cause serious negative effects on adolescent women, which can induce a series of mood disorders and behavioural problems such as depression and even suicide. The present paper reviews the correlation between adolescent woman's depression and menstrual disorder, explores its occurrence and potential factors, and gives targeted preventive measures for reducing the occurrence of emotional disorders among adolescent women and promoting their mental and physical healthy growth.
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Background: Menstrual irregularity is the most common gynaecological disorder in all age group. Adolescence is a transitional period between childhood and adulthood and involves physical, biological and psychosexual changes and is characterized by hormonal changes. Aim of this study was to find out the prevalence of menstrual abnormality in college girls in Madurai and their association with their Body mass Index (BMI).Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 200 girls of age group 18-22 years in a college in Madurai after getting their consent from college authorities and students. All details regarding their age of menarche, type of menstrual disorder and their BMI, stress factors were collected. The results were compared using chi square test and the pattern of menstrual abnormality and its relation with BMI and with stress was obtained.Results: The average age of menarche was 13.38 years in our study, irregular cycle was present in 47.5%, dysmenorrhoea was the commonest disorder and accounts for 26% students requiring medical treatment. Underweight students have irregular cycles compared to other groups. Stress had a significant correlation with menstrual irregularity.Conclusions: Many students in our study was under obese category, lifestyle modification like regular exercise, avoiding junk food and promoting healthy eating habits should be emphasised among students to have a healthy life. Students should also be informed about menstruation, physiological changes and its importance.
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Background: To study common gynaecological problems in adolescent girls and to establish the need of adolescent clinic.Methods: A prospective study was conducted including 250 adolescent girls attending gynaecology OPD. Girls were evaluated by detailed history, thorough clinical examination and investigations such as haemogram, coagulation profile, hormonal assays, ultrasound examination of abdomen and pelvis, as and when indicated.Results: Majority of girls had complaints related to menstrual disorders i.e. 58.3%. Most common causes of menstrual abnormalities were dysfunctional uterine bleeding (42.85%) followed by polycystic ovarian syndrome (26.19%) and pelvic inflammatory disease (15.47%).Conclusions: Problems are specific to this age group, setting up of separate adolescent clinics is desirable of efficient management where they can be provided adequate privacy to discuss their problems openly.
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[Objective]To explore the pathological mechanism and treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome in traditional Chinese from the angle of five viscera, and to enrich the theory in differentiation syndrome of solid-hollow viscera.[Methods]Based on ancient literature and modern clinic investigation,we discuss polycystic ovary syndrome from five viscera,at the same time,different viscera has its own etiology and pathogenesis,so according to five viscera syndrome differentiation,we can take different treatment and prescription respectively. [Results]The generation,transmission,mutual interaction of qi,blood,essence, body fluids in five viscera are dynamic.The pathological mechanism of polycystic ovary syndrome is based on the imbalance of qi,blood,essence,body fluids in internal organs,while phlegm wet and blood stasis are considered as treetop.Consequently,which are seen as the radical treatment such as to tonify and diffuse the lung, replenish qi and to calm down the heart, invigorate the spleen and nourish blood, to clear and soothe the liver, to tonify the kidney and secure the essence. While dampness drying, phlegm resolving, and blood activation are the treatment of treetop aspect, then they can reach the purpose of simultaneous treatment of treetop and root.As a result,the physiological function of five viscera will recover,clinical symptoms such as menstrual disorder, infertility,hirsutism and acne will be improved.[Conclusion]In clinic,we should start from the overall,broaden the train of thought,develop and innovate the application in differentiation syndrome of solid-hollow viscera.
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Objective To study the relationship between menstrual disorder and ovarian morphology of adolescent women in order to provide basis for diagnosis of adolescent polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).Methods We analyzed the clinical data of 212 patients with adolescent menstrual disorders 2 years after menstruation collected from the Department of Gynecology and Women's Health of First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University between September 2014 and September 2015.Results ① Oligomenorrhea was the most common in the 212 adolescent women (33.96 ％),followed by amenorrhea (16.51％).There was a significant difference in F-G score and acne score among patients with different types of menstrual disorder (F=1.39,1.77,all P＜0.05),the highest in those with oligomenorrhea.② The volume of the ovary,number of sinusoidal follicles,maximum area of the ovary in women with oligomenorrhea were significantly higher than those in non-oligomenorrhea women (t =2.89,5.76,6.23,all P＜ 0.05).③ Clinical manifestations differed significantly among normal ovarian group,MFO group and PCO group (x2=43.25,P＜0.05).Incidence rate of oligomenorrhea ranked the top in polycystic ovary group (49.30％),followed by multiple ovarian follicles group (42.59％),and there were significant differences in blood LH,T,and LH/FSH (F=3.45,2.43,2.76,all P＜0.05) was found in PCO group.There was significant difference in diagnosis of puberty PCOS (x2=26.58,P＜0.05).④ Among these 212 adolescent women,45 ones had puberty PCOS (21.23％).The ovary volume,number of sinus follicles,and the largest area in the obese patients were significantly higher than those in non-obese group (t =3.42,7.89,4.02,all P＜0.05);HOMA IR was also significantly higher than that in non-obese group (t =8.89,10.62,all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Oligomenorrhea is the most common menstrual disorder in adolescent women.Ovarian morphological abnormalities occur in most women with oligomenorrhea and obesity,who should be followed up regularly.
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Objective To investigation the serum sex hormone levels of 1 380 menstrual disorder women in Qingshan district of Wuhan city .Methods Applying Electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA ) to detection the density of progesterone (PROG) ,testosterone(TEST) ,prolactin(PRL) ,estradiol(E2) ,luteinizing hormone(LH) and follicle‐stimulating hormone(FSH) in serum .Results 199 cases of PROG were abnormal ,which accounted for 14 .42% ;128 cases of TEST were abnormal ,which accoun‐ted for 9 .28% ;323 cases of PROL were abnormal ,which accounted for 23 .41% ;334 cases of E2 were abnormal ,which accounted for 24 .20% ;568 cases of LH were abnormal ,which accounted for 41 .16% ;553 cases of FSH were abnormal ,which accounted for 40 .07% .Conclusion In the menstrual disorder women in Qingshan district of Wuhan city ,LH and FSH anomaly is the highest proportion ,ovarian dysfunction may be the main reason for female menstrual disorder .
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Introduction: In Malaysia, the prevalence of menstrual disorders among adolescents and young adults is high. However, most of them are not aware of the signs and symptoms of menstrual disorders in terms of medical issue as well as Islamic ruling. Awareness of the menstrual disorder symptoms is important so that early and appropriate treatment can be given. Objectives: The objective of the study was to compare the knowledge and attitude of premarital men and women on menstrual disorders. Methods: This was a comparative cross sectional study conducted in Kota Bharu, Kelantan. Selfadministered questionnaires were given for data collection. The questionnaires consisted of 3 parts that required information on the women’s and men’s socio-demographic data, women’s menstrual history and information in knowledge and attitude of men and women on menstrual disorders. Results: A total of 460 respondents were involved in this study with a response rate of 93.5%. The prevalence of good knowledge was higher among women compared to men with 73.2% and 26.8%, respectively. There was a significant difference on knowledge and attitude on menstrual disorders between premarital men and women.
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Chloasma is a kind of skin disease with pigmentation on the face, which can be frequently seen in child-bearing age women. The disease is caused by Zangfu dysfunction, Qi and blood deficiency. For women, the generation of chloasma is closely related to their menstruation. Regulating the menstrual function with traditional Chinese medicine and balancing the body's internal environment can be very useful for achieving the balance between Yin and Yang within Zangfu, and regulating Qi and blood, which will not only desalt pigment, but also can improve the symptom related to menstruation with low recurrence rate after drug withdrawal. This method can be used alone or with other methods in clinic, has achieved significant effect.
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It has been accepted that food customs are closely associated with the quality of life in both men and women’s reproductive life. Food customs are speculated to not only influence the present lifestyle but also to induce gynaecological disorders such as dysmenorrhoea, spermatogenesis and irregular menstruation. though there is no consistent definition of regular or normal menstruation, epidemiologic evaluation of menstrual cycle has been becoming an important issue. In addition, latent development of organic diseases such as endometriosis, which are accompanied by dysmenorrhoea, is a concern under the current nutritional environment. Thus, it is an important issue to evaluate the present situation of eating habits in couples and estimate the influence of these habits on the quality of reproductive functions. A multi-faceted therapeutic approach to improving fertility involves identifying harmful environmental and occupational risk factors, while correcting underlying nutritional imbalances to encourage optimal reproduction and its function.
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Objetivo: se hace una revisión detallada de la amenorreaprimaria, teniendo como base la clasificación propuesta por Mashchak CA y col. de acuerdo con la presencia o ausencia del desarrollo mamario y la presencia o no de útero, por ser la de mayor utilidad para el enfoque de manejo de las pacientes con amenorrea primaria. Metodología: se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura publicada en inglés a través de MEDLINE y OVID, usando como palabras clave: amenorrhea, primary amenorrhea, menstrual disorders, Turner syndrome, Kallmann syndrome, Prader-Willi síndrome, hypogonadotropic-hypogonadism; y se clasificó la información como soporte de la presente revisión, realizando resúmenes para su análisis. Resultados: la amenorrea primaria puede ser causada por una variedad de alteraciones que incluyen anormalidades müllerianas, gonadales, hipofisiarias, hipotalámicas, adrenales y tiroideas, o disfunciones hormonales en estos diferentes niveles. Estas anormalidades pueden ser congénitas por defectos cromosómicos o genéticos, o adquiridas, por lo tanto, es importante realizar un diagnóstico certero de esta patología para llevar a cabo un enfoque terapéutico adecuado, con el fin de disminuir todas las consecuencias que la enfermedad puede causar. Conclusiones: el tratamiento de las pacientes con amenorrea primaria debe ser individualizado, de acuerdo con las posibilidades terapéuticas de cada paciente, pero existen unas preguntas generales que tienen todas las pacientes o sus familiares y son relacionadas con la menstruación y los ciclos menstruales espontáneos posteriores, fertilidad, sexualidad y posibilidad de coitos con penetración vaginal satisfactoria.
Objective: this is a detailed review of primary amenorrhea using Mashchak CA et al. classification according to the presence or absence of breast development and the presence or absence of uterus as being the most useful approach for managing patients suffering from this problem. Method: Medline and Ovid databases were searched for papers published in English using the following keywords: amenorrhea, primary amenorrhea, menstrual disorder, Turner syndrome, Kallmann syndrome, Prader-Willisyndrome, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. This information was classified to support this review by making summaries for analysis. Results: primary amenorrhea can be caused by many alterations affecting the Mullerian structures, gonads, pituitary gland, hypothalamus, thyroid, adrenals or hormonal dysfunction; such anomalies may be congenital due to genetic or chromosomal defects or acquired. It is thus important that this problem is specifically diagnosed to enable a suitable therapeutic approach to be adopted for minimising the consequences of this disease. Conclusions: many diseases cause this problem, so diagnosing and treating patients suffering from primary amenorrhea must be individualised; however, some general questions needing specific answers are raised by all patients or their families. These questions are related to menstruation and spontaneous menstrual cycles, subsequent fertility, sexuality and the possibility of coitus with satisfactory vaginal penetration.
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Humans , Adult , Female , Amenorrhea , Menstruation DisturbancesABSTRACT
We report on five patients with menstrual pain and/or other disorders, whose symptoms improved when treated with Ki-related prescriptions. Hangekobokuto improved severe epigastralgia and menstrual pain in Case 1. Saibokuto showed improvement of menstrual disorders and pain in Case 2, while Hangekobokuto also ameliorated menstrual pain in Case 3. The treatments were based on patient Ki stagnation, although the symptoms of Ketsu stagnation were also observed in these cases. In Case 4, the patient's menstrual pain and disorders were improved by changing her prescription from Kamishoyosan, to Keishikaryukotsuboreito. In Case 5, a menstrual period of more than 40 days became a regular rhythm of 30 days, while treating the patient's chief complaint of urticaria, with Keishikaryukotsuboreito. Symptoms of Ketsu stagnation were not apparent in Cases 4 and 5. We prescribed Keishikaryukotsuboreito—a prescription for Ki regurgitation—because of suggestive symptoms of nightmare, as well as palpitation in the abdomen.<br>Menstrual problems are often related to Ketsu abnormalities according to Kampo medicine literature. However, symptoms related to Ki regurgitation and Ki stagnation are also observed in women with menstrual problems who are under stress. Therefore, it is important to know that there have been cases, such as ours, of menstrual problems successfully treated with Ki-related prescriptions.
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Athletic women often exhibit menstrual disorders such as luteal insufficiency, oligomenorrhea and amenorrhea are often seen. It has been suggested that such disorders are related to prolactin release caused by physical activity. To investigate the mechanism by which the disorders are promoted, prolactin secretion was studied in 10 athletic women (5 with normal ovulatory periods, and 5 with short luteal periods) and 6 non-athletic controls. Blood samples were obtained during the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle through an indwelling venous catheter at 15-minute intervals for 4 hours. The concentration of prolactin was measured by radioimmunoassay.<BR>The mean prolactin concentration in the athletic group was lower than that in the control group (p<0.001), and pulse frequency in the athletic group was higher than that of the control group (p<0.01) . Pulse amplitude in the athletic women with short luteal periods was higher than that of those with normal ovulation. Pulse duration in the athletic women with short luteal periods was significantly longer than that of those with normal ovulation (p<0.01) .<BR>These findings suggest that prolactin is one of the most important factors in menstrual disorders in athletic women.
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Objective: To investigate the incidence of menstrual disorder and the relationship between menstrual disorders and emotion, personality et al psychosocial factors in students. Methods: The study adopted stratified sampling method. 521 students were subjected to questionnaire of MHQ, STAI, CED-S and EPQ. Results: The rate of menstrual disorder was 44.7%. The average score of anxiety and depression in stress was significant higher than usual. The increasing trend of incidence of menstrual disorder accompanied with age, reaction degree of anxiety and depression and the level of trait anxiety in stress. Conclusion: The psychosocial factors such as emotion and personality play an important roles in the process of resulting in menstrual disorder. The doctors should pay more attention to strengthen the psychological interventions.